James A. Browning introduces Jet Kote ® HVOF (Deloro Stellite, Goshen, IN) and also develops a derivative HVAF or High Velocity Air-Fuel technology. HVAF runs on kerosene and air. The mixture is burned in long combustion chambers, necessitating the use of radial powder injection. Oxygen and hydrogen are used for start up.

Applications of HVAF are limited due to low deposit efficiency, caused by radial powder injection. Hydrogen requirement further limits adoption.

Viatcheslav E. Baranovski introduces a permeable burner block in work on combustion chambers, producing a short chamber capable of sustaining stable air-fuel combustion. The chamber leads to the development of HVAF-Arc equipment.

V. E. Baranovski introduces a short combustion chamber with permeable burner block and axial powder injection, modifying the HVAF process, creating AC-HVAF (Activated Combustion HVAF). The design permits fast start-up and stable operation on common fuel gases such as Propane, Propylene, and Natural Gas, and eliminates the hydrogen/oxygen requirement. Axial powder injection and short chambers increase deposit efficiency to reach (even exceed) HVOF levels.

V. E. Baranovski introduces the SB500 HVAF spray system (Uniquecoat Technologies, Oilville, VA).

V. E. Baranovski introduces the SB250 HVAF spray system (Uniquecoat Technologies, Oilville, VA).

V. E. Baranovski introduces the M2™ HVAF spray system (Uniquecoat Technologies, Oilville, VA).

V. E. Baranovski introduces the M3™ HVAF spray system (Uniquecoat Technologies, Oilville, VA).